【藥品性質提示】 根據 2019 AGS Beers Criteria，本藥品為【潛在不適當用藥 (PIM)】，用於老年人時須謹慎使用(監測血鈉值)。

高血壓 (diuretics) 利尿劑 (loop diuretics) Acute pulmonary edema; Edema; Hypertension

Antihypertensive; Loop Diuretic
Primarily inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the ascending loop of Henle and proximal and distal renal tubules, interfering with the chloride-binding cotransport system, thus causing its natriuretic effect

Onset of action: 30 to 60 minutes
Peak effect: 1 to 2 hours
Duration: 6 to 8 hours
Protein binding: 91% to 99%; primarily to albumin
Metabolism: Minimally hepatic
Bioavailability: 47% to 64%
Half-life elimination: (Normal renal function) 0.5 to 2 hours; (ESRD) 9 hours
Excretion: Urine; feces (as unchanged drug)

1. Anuria
2. History of hypersensitivity to furosemide

1. Monitor fetal growth if used during pregnancy
2. If a diuretic is needed for the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy, other agents are preferred

The manufacturer recommends that caution be used if administered to a breastfeeding woman.

1. Cardiovascular: Necrotizing angiitis, orthostatic hypotension, thrombophlebitis
2. Dermatologic: skin photosensitivity, skin rash, urticaria
3. Endocrine & metabolic: hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypovolemia, increased serum cholesterol or triglycerides
4. Gastrointestinal: Abdominal cramps, constipation, diarrhea, pancreatitis
5. Genitourinary: Bladder spasm
6. Hematologic & oncologic: Agranulocytosis, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
7. Hepatic: Hepatic encephalopathy, increased liver enzymes, jaundice
8. Hypersensitivity: Anaphylactic shock, angioedema
9. Immunologic: Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms
10. Nervous system: Dizziness, headache, restlessness, vertigo
11. Neuromuscular & skeletal: Asthenia, muscle spasm
12. Ophthalmic: Blurred vision, xanthopsia
13. Otic: Deafness, tinnitus
14. Renal: Acute kidney injury, interstitial nephritis
15. Miscellaneous: Fever

Ascites, due to cirrhosis:
1. Initial: 40 mg once daily; titrate every 3 to 5 days based on response and tolerability; maximum 160 mg once daily
2. For small-volume ascites in patients who weigh <50 kg, some experts recommend a starting dose of 20 mg once daily
Edema:
Initial 20-40 mg once then titrate as needed to an effective dose